Gamma ray sterilization system is finding use in a growing variety of contexts: this technology exploits the principles of radiobiology to eliminate any pathogens present on irradiated objects, thanks to the interaction of gamma rays with the DNA of microorganisms, causing irreversible damage to their structures genetics and preventing their reproduction.
With this article we illustrate some areas of use and hypothesize some prospects for the future of this technique.
When using gamma ray sterilization system
The operation of these plants involves the use of a source of high-energy gamma radiation, often generated by radioactive isotopes such as Cobalt-60 or Cesium-137. The materials to be sterilized are placed inside irradiation chambers, where they are exposed to radiation for a specific period of time. During this exposure, gamma rays penetrate materials, destroying the nucleic acids of microorganisms.
This sterilization method is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, and is especially useful for materials sensitive to heat or moisture. However, it requires careful planning and management of exposure times and radiation doses to ensure the safety of materials and operators.
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Phases and procedures
Sterilization systems have different characteristics and functions depending on the sector and context of use. However, it is possible to define some generic macrophases:
- Preparation of materials: materials are prepared to ensure adequate display, which may include cleaning, packaging and labeling of products.
- Irradiation: Prepared materials are exposed to gamma rays inside specially designed irradiation chambers. Gamma rays penetrate the material, sterilizing the surfaces and also penetrating the interior of the materials.
- Quality control: after irradiation, the materials undergo rigorous checks to ensure that the sterilization process has been successful (e.g. microbiological tests and physical tests).
- Process validation: Before being used on a large scale, the gamma sterilization process must be validated to ensure its effectiveness and repeatability. This involves detailed documentation of procedures, monitoring of irradiation doses and verification of regulatory compliance.
Read also “Radiazioni ionizzanti e irraggiamento alimenti: prospettive per il futuro”
Advantages and possible limitations
The design and use of gamma rays for sterilization offers significant advantages, which we look at below.
- Effective sterilization. Gamma rays easily penetrate materials, destroying bacteria, viruses, fungi and microbial spores present on medical devices, pharmaceuticals, foods and packaging.
- Versatility. A wide range of materials can be sterilized, including plastics, glass, metal, textiles, electronics and pharmaceuticals without altering their chemical or physical properties.
- Absence of chemical residues. Unlike other sterilization methods, gamma irradiation does not introduce chemicals into the sterilized materials.
- Quick process. Sterilization requires short times, reducing plant downtime and allowing rapid distribution of sterilized products on the market.
- Process validation. The sterilization process can be precisely validated, ensuring a high level of safety and regulatory compliance.
The use of gamma ray systems does not entail limitations but rather essential requirements, first and foremost in terms of safety: the use of ionizing radiation requires rigorous precautions to guarantee the safety of operators and compliance with radiation protection regulations, which also contribute to good functioning and the long-term efficiency of the system.
Likewise, a controlled environment is necessary for the safe management of radiation and to prevent accidental exposure.
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